How Higher Education is more than Academics- A Reflection on the Essay

How Higher Education is more than Academics- A Reflection on the Decision Making Process - Essay Example The objective of higher learning institution is to ensure that the learners get sufficient knowledge that will enable them to be important members of the society. This Calls for the cooperation of the students since they are the beneficiaries. The aim of this paper is to discuss the decision-making process of students in higher learning institutions; and why they should remain honest and not break the honor code. In every learning institution examinations are used to rate the academic qualifications of the students. The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education has offered a proper definition of academic standards as precise levels of academic achievement employed in the explanation and gauging of academic needs and accomplishments (Materu, 55). The University code requires students to embrace honesty in their tests and class assignments. In the academic life, students usually face the challenge in deciding on ethics and choice. When it comes to examinations and assignments, it is usually the decision of the student to behave ethically and embrace honesty in his or her work or to choose to take part in illegal group discussion or to copy the work from the internet. The decision a student makes pertaining the testing and assignments, will affect him positively or negatively. For instance if a student decides to cheat in an examination, it is a very risky decision because if he is caught, he is likely to be discontinued from the University if proved guilty (Forest & Kinser, 280). This will be a very big loss to the student and the society since the student will not attain his academic goal, thus hindering him from pursuing his or her career. It is important for the students to embrace honesty since dishonesty is destructive to the victims, parents, the instructors and the colleagues. Whenever the college education of a student is terminated, everyone feels the loss. The students should work hard by ensuring that

The News Director of a Local Television Station Term Paper

The News Director of a Local Television Station - Term Paper Example In this regard, effect on viewers and story ratings are essential concerns to consider in deciding on the lead story (Harcup, 2009). In the scenario presented, there are two cases of a possible lead story. The first one relates to the city park and the council’s decision to close it three days a week. The second one relates to the death of the celebrity. While the park is associated with greater viewer effect, the celebrity’s death comes with bigger ratings. Even though both are important, the celebrity’s death makes a fundamental lead story. This is because death is an eventual occurrence while closure of the park is not. There must have been follow-up events on the news in relation to arriving at the decision of closing the part for the said three days. On the other hand, celebrities are crucial social icons that are great regard to different people. Also, the ratings would not be realized in the absence of creating significant viewer effect. In the making of l ead stories, the viewer effect or the rating achieved are fundamental but not primarily the only concern for journalists and their media houses. There are other after-story concerns that emerge every time a lead story is done. Just like any other business, media houses have financial objectives and goals to achieve. They have to generate revenues in every aspect of their business aspects. To do so, they have to relate all variables that affect the leads story ad further account for the impacts thereafter. The main concern is to create a name for the media house in every aspect that touches on the society as a whole. The city park may is likely to be of much significance to the residents of the city. The death of a celebrity is of national and international concern, making it the most favorable leads story between the two. On the same note, the media houses are likely to have the celebrity’s death as their main story during that time, following up the unfolding events therein. Disregarding this aspect relative to the likely regard that the celebrity may hold in both national and international contexts would not be addressing viewer concerns. Over and above this, the success of a lead story and the media house at large in realizing viewer effect is as much as significant as a bigger rating. It is important to account for all-round media variables when deciding on the lead story, other than just being oriental to the greater effect on viewers (Harcup, 2009). Part Two Television and movies are essential components of social design and development. Regard for television and movies vary across individuals, with one thing being commonly evident; interest for television and movies. In the television and movies context, culture is a diverse and dynamic concept. Variables that define culture vary, but aspects of culture are always evident. Culture is reflected in television and movies in unaccountable ways. However, the most common ways through which culture is r eflected in this regard can be condensed to constitute a few significant and notable ways. Themes of televising and movie making serves as a medium through which television and movies reflect culture (Miller, 2003). Movies must account for some theme, and so do the television. Themes are essentially the central variable focused on in television and

Accepting an Expert Claim

Accepting an Expert Claim Argument Experts are individuals or organizations proved to be quite knowledgeable and have authority in a particular field. Most organizations prefer hiring and consulting experts in different skills and service delivery. However, this does not guarantee a perfect result for the organization or the company, as many factors may affect the service delivery by the experts. In such cases, the experts are bound to perform against the expectations. Business organizations explore various methods of making decisions that implement business operations. In this work, an argument is based on the following. This paper presents an argument about the expert claim in making decisions. In particular, the paper seeks to explain the rationality of accepting an expert claim in an event that the expert turn out to be erroneous. It is unreasonable to accept the expert claims without evaluating and examining such claims. Although experts are believed to be more knowledgeable in their areas of specialization, any person assigning duties by the expert remains accountable for their actions. In business, leader plays a great role in making business decisions which are more effective. For a business to succeed, it relies upon the decisions made by its leaders. Attaining skills in making effective decisions requires intuition, education and experience. According to Reynolds (2011), effective decisions should be interpreted, explained, evaluated and analyzed before being executed. Before accepting a claim from the expert, the claim should also be examined, analyzed and evaluate properly. Without paying attention to the above process, there is a risk of one facing the consequences of claim taken. Nevertheless, decision making in business involves the following steps. First is the identification of the problem. A specific problem must be revealed before attending to it. Identifying a specific problem enables one to identify a way of solving it. Secondly, the possible solutions for the problem should be well analyzed. This gives a wider range of options that can be considered. In fulfilling this, the decision maker will be able to compare the risks and consider a solution with the lowest risk. Accepting the claims from the experts without considering the risks and the alternatives is unreasonable. The third step is evaluating the probabilities closer to achieving the goal. At this stage, the decision maker can evaluate if the possible solution selected will assist in achieving the right decision. The forth step is making the actual decision (Hew Cheung, 2014). The decision is therefore made having considered many factors; therefore, failure to follow this reasonable process in making business decisions, errors are prone to occur. Business decision making should be a collaborative function that needs the contribution of the concerned parties. Experts in a specific field are to be consulted on the best way of executing a function. However, some experts may not be experienced enough to fulfill the requirements of a given task. Upon involving the experts in decision making, proper evaluation, examination and analysis should be done before a solution is adopted. Furthermore, no matter the position in an organization, each person is accountable his or her decisions. Thinking is a skill that is not naturally endowed but needs to be practiced (Ennis, 2015), and it is the responsibility of everyone to train his/her mind to think critically, and make sound decisions. Reasoning describes ones capacity to think rationally, and making the right business decisions require rational thinking. It is unreasonable enough to take in the opinions from the experts without examining such opinions through rational and critical thinking. References Ennis, R. H. (2015). Critical thinking: A streamlined conception. In The Palgrave handbook of critical thinking in higher education (pp. 31-47). Palgrave Macmillan US. Hew, K. F., Cheung, W. S. (2014). Improving Social Studies Students Critical Thinking. In Using Blended Learning (pp. 59-78). Springer Singapore. Reynolds, Martin (2011). Critical thinking and systems were thinking: towards a critical literacy for systems thinking in practice. In: Horvath, Christopher P. and Forte, James M. eds. Critical Thinking. New York, USA: Nova Science Publishers, pp. 37-68.

The Evolutionary Importance of Maternal Anti-Bodies and its Implication

An organism’s ability to survive is not limited to the number of resources available but even more importantly the organism’s ability to fight off infections. Immunity is one of the most important features an organism has to distinguish and protect itself against certain pathogens that could potentially be fatal to the organism. From the first line of defense such as skin and mucous membranes, an organism’s body is constantly fighting off antigens. Antigens are molecules from a pathogen or a foreign organism that provoke a specific immune response. There are several ways a body prevents specific antigens from entering the body or causing harm, starting with non-specific mechanisms that include the first and second lines of defense. When an antigen passes the skin barrier an inflammatory response is set into motion to prohibit any further attack on the body. This inflammatory response includes the work of phagocytic white blood cells and anti-microbial proteins. When that alone, is not able to defeat the antigens, a specific mechanism including lymphocytes and antibodies make up the third line of defense. All organisms are born with immunity which is commonly referred to as innate immunity. However, most importantly as an organism grows, an acquired immunity is developed either naturally or artificially. Natural passive immunity may be an organism’s most important form of immunity since it is passed from the mother to the fetus via the placenta or after birth during breast feeding. Although this immunity is usually only temporary, it protects the offspring while their own immune system develops. Current studies have addressed important issues regarding environmental and genetic factors affecting the amount of antibodies transf... ...ernal transfer of antibodies: raising immuno-ecology issues. Trends Ecol Evol 23:282-288. Grindstaff, J. L., E. D. Brodie, 3rd, and E. D. Ketterson. 2003. Immune function across generations: integrating mechanism and evolutionary process in maternal antibody transmission. Proc Biol Sci 270:2309-2319. Hasselquist, D. and J. A. Nilsson. 2009. Maternal transfer of antibodies in vertebrates: trans-generational effects on offspring immunity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364:51-60. King, M. O., J. P. Owen, and H. G. Schwabl. 2010. Are maternal antibodies really that important? Patterns in the immunologic development of altricial passerine house sparrows (Passer domesticus). PLoS One 5:e9639. Pihlaja, M., H. Siitari, and R. V. Alatalo. 2006. Maternal antibodies in a wild altricial bird: effects on offspring immunity, growth and survival. J Anim Ecol 75:1154-1164. The Evolutionary Importance of Maternal Anti-Bodies and its Implication An organism’s ability to survive is not limited to the number of resources available but even more importantly the organism’s ability to fight off infections. Immunity is one of the most important features an organism has to distinguish and protect itself against certain pathogens that could potentially be fatal to the organism. From the first line of defense such as skin and mucous membranes, an organism’s body is constantly fighting off antigens. Antigens are molecules from a pathogen or a foreign organism that provoke a specific immune response. There are several ways a body prevents specific antigens from entering the body or causing harm, starting with non-specific mechanisms that include the first and second lines of defense. When an antigen passes the skin barrier an inflammatory response is set into motion to prohibit any further attack on the body. This inflammatory response includes the work of phagocytic white blood cells and anti-microbial proteins. When that alone, is not able to defeat the antigens, a specific mechanism including lymphocytes and antibodies make up the third line of defense. All organisms are born with immunity which is commonly referred to as innate immunity. However, most importantly as an organism grows, an acquired immunity is developed either naturally or artificially. Natural passive immunity may be an organism’s most important form of immunity since it is passed from the mother to the fetus via the placenta or after birth during breast feeding. Although this immunity is usually only temporary, it protects the offspring while their own immune system develops. Current studies have addressed important issues regarding environmental and genetic factors affecting the amount of antibodies transf... ...ernal transfer of antibodies: raising immuno-ecology issues. Trends Ecol Evol 23:282-288. Grindstaff, J. L., E. D. Brodie, 3rd, and E. D. Ketterson. 2003. Immune function across generations: integrating mechanism and evolutionary process in maternal antibody transmission. Proc Biol Sci 270:2309-2319. Hasselquist, D. and J. A. Nilsson. 2009. Maternal transfer of antibodies in vertebrates: trans-generational effects on offspring immunity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364:51-60. King, M. O., J. P. Owen, and H. G. Schwabl. 2010. Are maternal antibodies really that important? Patterns in the immunologic development of altricial passerine house sparrows (Passer domesticus). PLoS One 5:e9639. Pihlaja, M., H. Siitari, and R. V. Alatalo. 2006. Maternal antibodies in a wild altricial bird: effects on offspring immunity, growth and survival. J Anim Ecol 75:1154-1164. The Evolutionary Importance of Maternal Anti-Bodies and its Implication An organism’s ability to survive is not limited to the number of resources available but even more importantly the organism’s ability to fight off infections. Immunity is one of the most important features an organism has to distinguish and protect itself against certain pathogens that could potentially be fatal to the organism. From the first line of defense such as skin and mucous membranes, an organism’s body is constantly fighting off antigens. Antigens are molecules from a pathogen or a foreign organism that provoke a specific immune response. There are several ways a body prevents specific antigens from entering the body or causing harm, starting with non-specific mechanisms that include the first and second lines of defense. When an antigen passes the skin barrier an inflammatory response is set into motion to prohibit any further attack on the body. This inflammatory response includes the work of phagocytic white blood cells and anti-microbial proteins. When that alone, is not able to defeat the antigens, a specific mechanism including lymphocytes and antibodies make up the third line of defense. All organisms are born with immunity which is commonly referred to as innate immunity. However, most importantly as an organism grows, an acquired immunity is developed either naturally or artificially. Natural passive immunity may be an organism’s most important form of immunity since it is passed from the mother to the fetus via the placenta or after birth during breast feeding. Although this immunity is usually only temporary, it protects the offspring while their own immune system develops. Current studies have addressed important issues regarding environmental and genetic factors affecting the amount of antibodies transf... ...ernal transfer of antibodies: raising immuno-ecology issues. Trends Ecol Evol 23:282-288. Grindstaff, J. L., E. D. Brodie, 3rd, and E. D. Ketterson. 2003. Immune function across generations: integrating mechanism and evolutionary process in maternal antibody transmission. Proc Biol Sci 270:2309-2319. Hasselquist, D. and J. A. Nilsson. 2009. Maternal transfer of antibodies in vertebrates: trans-generational effects on offspring immunity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364:51-60. King, M. O., J. P. Owen, and H. G. Schwabl. 2010. Are maternal antibodies really that important? Patterns in the immunologic development of altricial passerine house sparrows (Passer domesticus). PLoS One 5:e9639. Pihlaja, M., H. Siitari, and R. V. Alatalo. 2006. Maternal antibodies in a wild altricial bird: effects on offspring immunity, growth and survival. J Anim Ecol 75:1154-1164.

The Barriers to Effective Communication

â€Å"A barrier to communication is something that keeps meanings from meeting. Meaning barriers exist between all people, making communication much more difficult than most people seem to realize. It is false to assume that if one can talk he can communicate† (Windle & Warren, nd). Communication is a process by which information is transmitted from one person (sender) to another (receiver).Before the message reaches the receiver, errors in transmission occur. It is estimated by psychologists that in every communication, there is approximately 40-60% meaning loss (Jenkins, 2007).It is therefore essential to know the various barriers that cause communication breakdown and possibly try to minimize these errors if we are to make our communication more meaningful. The core barriers The greatest barrier towards communicating effectively is stereotyping. This preconception on another person makes one view the other’s communication with a lot of prejudice. There is a tendency to wrongly hold a person’s views. There are stereotypes in all walks of life such as religion, gender and race.In racial stereotyping for example, a person’s believe to be more knowledgeable than the other because of skin color makes him or her disregard the other’s communication. This eventually breaks down the communication (OPPapers, 2010). There are a number of people who tend to assume that the people they are talking to know their thoughts. Such misjudgments are very dangerous to communication. An article by Effective-communicating, The importance of effective communication states that, â€Å"When you assume, you make an ‘ass’ out of ‘u’ and ‘me’ (Effective Communicating, 2008).Insufficient knowledge on the specific subject of communication can lead to errors on communication. If the person sending the message falls short of words in the information to be transmitted, the receiver is exposed to an unclear message tha t is mixed-up. On the other hand, the receiver may fail to understand information that is beyond his or her knowledge. It may be very hard for a teacher to understand scientific terms used by a scientist in any form of communication (College of Marin, nd). In relation to knowledge, language can pose a great danger to communication.There are many languages as people are from different backgrounds. Use of a language that the recipient does not understand will not pass the message. The different dialects and accents also create barriers. There may exist semantic gaps where words have same pronunciation but with a multiple of meanings. Some people tend to use inappropriate words in specific contexts and difficult vocabularies. The receiver will not be mesmerized but will be left in total confusion (Jain, 2010). Information overload is another barrier towards effective communication. A message that is too crowded with words tends to be misunderstood.Receivers tend to create barriers unde r these circumstances. A lecturer from collage of Marine on Barriers to effective communication advises that, â€Å"If you are selling an item with twenty five terrific features, pick two or three important features to emphasize instead of overwhelming your receiver (ho-hum) with an information avalanche. † (College of Marin, nd). Emotional interference leads to misunderstandings in communication. A person who is overexcited, angry, fearful, hostile, or resentful may be very much emotionally preoccupied to give or receive the right message.In case of dislike, ‘hearing’ will be a great problem. Emotional distractions create interference with creation, transmission and reception (College of Marin, nd). Emotions if given a chance will show up always and they become a barrier when they make people get overwhelmed (People Communicating, 2009). Physical distractions occur amidst communication. A noisy environment or a bad telephone line disrupts the receiver of the mes sage from hearing. Distractions are also possible with written messages especially when it is poorly formatted, has spelling errors and grammatical deficits.The physical appearance of the message will be too unprofessional and sloppy. The receiver’s concentration to such messages will be put off. Bright lights especially when one is using a computer can distract the receiver in getting the correct message (College of Marin, nd). Physical barriers can also be created by the geographical location. For example, at a workplace, employees in different quarters will have difficulty in communicating effectively (Margaritasmith, 2009). The sender may lack the basic communication skills.The receiver will greatly be affected in the interpretation of the intended message when the sender is faced with a problem in choosing the words needed and arranging them in a comprehensive manner. Others tend to rehearse on what they will say especially after scrutinizing who the speaker is. For inst ance, many students who lack good communication skills will first rehearse on what to say before meeting a teacher. On the other side of the coin, there are a great deal of receivers who have poor listening and reading skills. They have trouble in hearing and in the interpretation of messages (College of Marin, nd).Personal lack of interest can pose a great threat to communication. A person who is disinterested will carelessly listen or hurriedly read the sent message, misinterpreting the intentions of the sender. Failure of the sender to recognize the needs and the status of the receiver affects communication also. The sender should therefore prepare a message with the trait of the receiver in mind. The medicine of an angry customer is listening to his complains for some time (College of Marin, nd). Inappropriate channel also leads to breakdown in communication.For example, giving detailed procedures over the phone may be quite frustrating on the side of the decoder. A patient for instance, may choose to call a doctor to seek treatment. It would be illogical for the doctor to prescribe any treatment without a face to face encounter with the patient. The chain of communication may also affect the message; the greater the chain of communication, the higher the probability of its misinterpretation. For instance, if a sender uses a ten people chain to rely the message to the receiver, there is no doubt that the recipient will get a completely distorted message (College of Marin, nd).A very long communication chain and a poor medium selected can break up the communication (Jain, 2010). Communication is two way. The sender must get feedback from the recipient. In conversations for instance, there must be turn-taking. If the sender does not give the recipient time to respond or ask questions, he or she may pretend to understand what the sender is saying. It is also important for the sender to interpret the receiver’s non-verbal cues as they carry a lot of mea ning in any given communication. Failure to do so may cause ineffectiveness in communication (College of Marin, nd).Effective communicators, as Boulden spells out in his book, communicating for success: The seven keys of effective communication â€Å"†¦work into building relationships by asking questions and listening to the answers to gain information and use this process to reach consensus† (Boulden, 2009) Other barriers that affect communication include socio-cultural diversities such as age, gender, social status, educational level, economic status, cultural background, and religion.They as well affect communication (Jain, 2010). In different cultures for instance certain gestures are interpreted differently and therefore communication can be misunderstood (Ueeka, 2009). Conclusion Barriers of communication seem to be part of our lives. However careful we are in our communications errors in communication will always be felt. Some barriers are complex to deal with and may be beyond our capabilities.All that we need to do to alleviate this problem is to try and minimize our faults in communication.References Boulden, G. (2009). Communication for success: The seven keys of effective communication.London: Ala International Publishing College of Marin. (nd).Lecture: barriers to effective communication. Retrieved from http://www. marin. edu/buscom/index_files/Page565. htm Effective Communicating. (2008). The importance of effective communication. Retrieved from http://www. effective-communicating. com/importance-of-effective-communication. html.Jain, R. (2010). The barriers to effective communication. Retrieved from http://ezinearticles. com/? The-Barriers-to-Effective-Communication&id=1210011 Jenkins, M. (2007). Barriers to effective communication at work. Retrieved from http://www. alliancetac. com/? PAGE_ID=265 OPPapers. (2010).Barriers to effective communication. Retrieved from http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Barriers-Effective-Communication/778 41? topic People Communicating. (2009). Barriers to effective communication. Retrieved from http://www. people-communicating. com/barriers-to-effective-communication. html.Margaritasmith. (2009). Barriers to effective communication- Effective communication- Document transcript. Retrieved from http://www. slideshare. net/margaritasmith/barriers-to-effective-communication-effective- communications Ueeka. (2009).Overcoming potential barriers in effective communication. Retrieved from http://www. ueeka. com/docs/overcoming-potential-barriers-effective-communication. html Windle, R. & Warren, S. (nd). Communication skills. Retrieved from http://www. directionservice. org/cadre/section4. cfm.

How to Play Soccer

Period 4 03/03/10 Playing Soccer Soccer, or Football as many people may call it, is one of the most popular sports around the world today. Most people that play this wonderful and thrilling sport have many techniques in doing so. Every person has a unique style of playing. There are also different tactics and dribbling methods involved when playing soccer. Here are some ways of playing soccer and becoming better at it while practicing hard and developing new soccer skills.Warming up before starting a soccer match is the key because by doing so, you avoid getting your muscles hurt. This step should always be included when playing any sport not just soccer in order to play better and obtain better results. Doing drills is one way to warm –up. There are a variety of soccer drills available to start warming up before actually playing. One really good drill to warm –up is to place cones in a straight line and separate them about one foot apart. Then have a couple of balls at the first cone and start running around each cone with a ball on your feet.When you are done with one round, leave the ball at the end of the route and start the next round with a new ball. Another great warm –up exercise is to run about two laps in order to get your muscles and joints hot and ready. A series of small exercises are needed to start playing smoothly such as, jumping jacks, sit –ups, running in place, and push-ups. These are all great warm-up exercises before playing a soccer game. The next step in playing soccer is to actually play against your opponent.The objective of a soccer game is to score as many goals as possible on your opponent’s goal. The forwards need to score as many goals as possible and the defense needs to block any chances of a goal coming to their goal. The goalie is very important too because she/he is the one that keeps the other team from scoring, by blocking all the possibilities with their hands, feet, or even their body. T he midfielders are the ones who get the ball back to their teammates and run back and forth the whole match. They are also mportant in a game because they distribute the ball throughout the soccer field and make the game flow better. Cool down is the last step of playing soccer. You should walk with your hands over your head. This helps because your lungs become smaller when you run and by doing this exercise you expand your lungs again. While doing this you can also drink water or any electrolyte drink with vitamins. This helps you by getting all of your energy boosted back to your body. Eating healthy snacks after a game is also very important because when you exercise your body looses vitamins and nutrients.Fruits, vegetables, and granola bars are a great way to get all of those lost nutrients and revitalize your body system. Relaxing is the last step you should do to reduce stress after playing soccer. Also when you get home you should take a hot shower to reduce fatigue and soo the your muscles. By doing all of these steps you can become a really good soccer player and even the next Cristiano Ronaldo or Lionel Messi who are the two best soccer players in the world today! These are all the reasons I have to tell you that soccer is one of the best sports in the world today.

Free Essays on FIAT

FIAT The subject of discussion was the design for the new Fiat Tipo, and a critical product aimed at replacing Fiat â€Å"Uno†. Cantarella (the general manager) had expressed doubts about the Tipo B’s design concept. He found the car boxy and uninspiring, and was intrigued by the possibility of changing the direction of the project. In addition, Cantarella was also considering suggesting changes in the project’s organization. Fiats models, which flooded the pre-war Italian market, consolidated Fiat’s focus on small, inexpensive, and efficient automobiles. Professor Vittorio Valletta, who followed Angelli as CEO concentrated on the lower segments of the automobile industry, because he thought it was safe and appropriated strategy. Vittorio combined low cost automobile concepts, lean, simple designs, and substantial investments in advanced production technologies. Giovanni Angelli nephew of senator Angelli replaced Valletta. He strongly felt a need to modernize Fiat and enhance its competitiveness at the international level. For the first time in Fiat’s history, Angelli brought in consultants, who helped with the modernization of Fiat’s managerial systems, including the implementation of major organization changes. Angelli’s renewal of Fiat’s management and production systems was deeply affected by Italy’s rapidly deteriorating political situation. Fiat’s automobile division was separated form its parent company and turned into wholly owned subsidiary, Fiat Auto SpA. The group was active in a variety of industrial sectors, from aerospace to mass merchandising and retailing, and from chemicals to financial services. Vittorio Ghidella, an engineer, was made CEO of the automobile subsidiary. Ghidella aimed to reinforce Fiat’s traditional strategy of producing the â€Å"car for everyone† by developing a sophisticated manufacturing infrastructure and improving the service and dealer network. His goal was t... Free Essays on FIAT Free Essays on FIAT FIAT The subject of discussion was the design for the new Fiat Tipo, and a critical product aimed at replacing Fiat â€Å"Uno†. Cantarella (the general manager) had expressed doubts about the Tipo B’s design concept. He found the car boxy and uninspiring, and was intrigued by the possibility of changing the direction of the project. In addition, Cantarella was also considering suggesting changes in the project’s organization. Fiats models, which flooded the pre-war Italian market, consolidated Fiat’s focus on small, inexpensive, and efficient automobiles. Professor Vittorio Valletta, who followed Angelli as CEO concentrated on the lower segments of the automobile industry, because he thought it was safe and appropriated strategy. Vittorio combined low cost automobile concepts, lean, simple designs, and substantial investments in advanced production technologies. Giovanni Angelli nephew of senator Angelli replaced Valletta. He strongly felt a need to modernize Fiat and enhance its competitiveness at the international level. For the first time in Fiat’s history, Angelli brought in consultants, who helped with the modernization of Fiat’s managerial systems, including the implementation of major organization changes. Angelli’s renewal of Fiat’s management and production systems was deeply affected by Italy’s rapidly deteriorating political situation. Fiat’s automobile division was separated form its parent company and turned into wholly owned subsidiary, Fiat Auto SpA. The group was active in a variety of industrial sectors, from aerospace to mass merchandising and retailing, and from chemicals to financial services. Vittorio Ghidella, an engineer, was made CEO of the automobile subsidiary. Ghidella aimed to reinforce Fiat’s traditional strategy of producing the â€Å"car for everyone† by developing a sophisticated manufacturing infrastructure and improving the service and dealer network. His goal was t...